Determiners, Types, Possessive, Quantifiers, Articles,

Determiners (डिटरमिनर्स) – निर्धारक

Determiners ऐसे शब्द होते हैं जो किसी वाक्य में संज्ञा से तुरंत पहले प्रयोग किये जाते हैं और इस बात का निर्धारण करते हैं कि किसकी बात हो रही है या फिर कितनी बात हो रही है। 
A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional information about that noun and that’s why they are also classified as Adjectives. Determiners are words that make the reference of nouns more specific. If I say ‘this boy’ it is clear that I mean a particular boy which is near me. a determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun, not after, and it also comes before any other adjectives used to describe the noun.

शब्द जैसे my, the, some, this, each, and आदि. को आमतौर पर Determiners कहा जाता है।
इन शब्दो को Nouns के पहले उपयोग किया जाता है।

मान लीजिए आप कहना चाहते हैं ‘यह लड़का मोहन है।’ यहाँ पर ‘लड़का’ एक संज्ञा है। ‘लड़का’ से तुरंत पहले ‘यह’ का प्रयोग किया गया है। ‘यह’ एक Determiner है क्योंकि ये इस बात को निर्धारित करता है कि किस लड़के की बात हो रही है – इस लड़के की या उस लड़के की।

1. अगर एक लड़के की बात हो रही होती तो कहा जाता          –    A boy 
2. अगर किसी विशेष लड़के की बात हो रही होती तो कहा जाता–     The boy 
3. अगर सभी लड़कों की बात हो रही होती तो कहा जाता       –    All the boys 
4. अगर 7 लड़कों की बात हो रही होती तो कहा जाता           –    7 boys 
5. ऊपर दिये गये वाक्यों में Determiners हैं                           –   A, The, All, 7

Types of determiners-

1. Possessives: my, your, his, our, its, their.
2.  Quantifiers: a few, fewer, much, more, some, most, many etc.
3.  Articles: a, an, the.
4.  Numbers: one, two, three.
5. Demonstratives: that, these, those, this.

Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)

His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its को determiners कहते हैं। इन शब्दों के तुरंत बाद हमेशा एक संज्ञा होती है।

Possessive pronouns include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. For example: His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always followed by a noun.

उदाहरण (Example):

1. His father is a teacher.
2. My sister will not go.
3. Our books are kept on the table.
4. Their parents were not present.
5. Where is your car?
6. The dog growled and showed its teeth.
7. My best friend is a Reena.
8. Which one is his house?
9. Truthness is her best quality.
10. The tree shed its leaves.

Quantifiers: a few, fewer, much, more, some, most, many etc.

A quantifier is a word or phrase like 'plenty' or 'a lot', which allows you to refer to the quantity of something without being absolutely precise. Quantifiers are used to indicate the amount or quantity of something referred to by a noun. Quantifiers are determiners that describe quantity in a noun phrase. They answer the question "How many?" or "How much?" "Some," "many," "a lot of," and "a few" are examples of quantifiers used in English.

Examples--

He saw few people in the program.

Mohit has many friends here.

I have written articles on several.

Reema went to many places regarding this project.

There was a lot of people in the party.

Amit had some fruits only.

Gaurav has much knowledge about this topic.

We have enough food in the refrigerator.

Ruchi drank a little water.

Try to have some patience.

Articles: a, an, the. In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjective. The definite article (the) is used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader. The indefinite article (a, an) is used before a noun that is general or when its identity is not known.

a, an-

a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog

an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan

an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour

Indefinite Article 'a' का प्रयोग साधारणतया उन Nouns के पहले जिनकी गिनती की जा सकती है, किया जाता है और जिनका उच्चारण Consonant (व्यंजन) की आवाज से होता है । 

Examples : A cow, a woman, a chair, a boy, a horse etc.

Indefinite Article 'an' का प्रयोग उन शब्दों से पहले होता है जो किसी Vowel (स्वर) a, e, i, o, u से आरम्भ हो और जिनका उच्चारण भी Vowel की तरह होता हो । 

Examples : An elephant, an orange, an umbrella, an aeroplane.

The का प्रयोग उस समय करते है जब हम किसी Particular व्यक्ति या वस्तु या जिसका पहले उल्लेख हो चुका हो, या जिससे वक्ता (Orator) परिचित  हो, के बारे में बात करते है ।
Example : The girl you are seeing is my daughter.

(b) पर्वत श्रेणीयों (Mountain Ranges) नदी (River), नहर (Canal) , सागर (Sea), महासागर (Ocean) , खाड़ी (Bay), रेगिस्तान (Desert), द्वीप समूह (Group of Islands), प्रसिद्ध इमारतों (Famous Buildings) के नाम से पहले the का प्रयोग करते है । 
Examples : The Himalayas, The Brahmaputra River, The Buckingham Canal, The Red Sea, The Indian Ocean, The Bay of Bengal, The Sahara Desert, The Andaman and Nicobar, The Taj Mahal.

names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific

points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole

geographical areas: the Middle East, the West

deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula

Examples:

• He is a teacher.
• She doesn't own a car.
• I saw a bear at the zoo.

USE 2

The article AN is used before singular, countable nouns which begin with vowel sounds.

Examples:

• He is an actor.
• She didn't get an invitation.
• I saw an eagle at the zoo.

USE 3

We can use ‘the’ with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.

“Please pass me a pen” – any pen.
“Please pass me the pen” – the one that we can both see.

Complete the following sentences by filling in 'a' or 'an' or 'the' as may be suitable

1. I am a fan of __Indian culture.
2. I dread ____ principle is furious.
3. Meera  was __  director in that movie.
4. We live in ___ united community.
5. He loves playing ___ cricket.
6. Is there __ ‘m’ in your name.
7. Where are __ apples your uncle sent.
8. My birthday is on __ 6th of May.
9. ___ Netherlands is still under ___ lockdown.
10. I have ___ important information for you.

Numbers--

Numerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity: 

 one book 

two books 

twenty books

In the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence: 

 

first impressions 

second chance 

third prize

Demonstratives: that, these, those, this.

Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

English मे This, That, These और Those को Demonstratives कहते हैं।

This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.

This – यह, ये (एक व्यक्ति के लिए प्रयोग होता है।)

That – वह, वे, वो (एक व्यक्ति के लिए प्रयोग होता है।)

These – यह, ये (एक से ज़्यादा व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग होता है।)

Those – वह, वे, वो (एक से ज़्यादा व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग होता है।)

examples--

This movie is boring.
That idea is crazy.​
These brownies are delicious.
Those children are hungry.

Exercise for practice--

1. ………….. is my wife.
2. Could you bring me a book ……………. I left in the garden?
3. ........... person must take his turn.
4. How ………….. money do you want?
5. Have you read ………….. stories?
6. I have read………….. short stories in Hindi but only …………..   in English.
7. I read the letter again and noticed that there were………….. mistakes in it.
8. How ………….. milk do you take every day?
9. There was  ………….. accident near …………. central market this morning.  ………….. car hit  ………….. scooter and ………….. man on  …………..  scooter was killed.
10. (a) ………………….  abbreviation is (b)………………….     shortened form of (c)………………….     word or a group of words. It is used to save time and space (d)………………….     abbreviations are also used while speaking. Most of (e)………………….     dictionaries include (f)………………….    list of commonly used abbreviations.